{"id":1473,"date":"2022-12-19T05:14:37","date_gmt":"2022-12-19T05:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/?p=1473"},"modified":"2023-01-14T13:49:14","modified_gmt":"2023-01-14T13:49:14","slug":"gps-segments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/gps-segments\/","title":{"rendered":"GPS Segments: GPS Components That Make the System Work"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a global network of 31 satellites that transmit radio signals from medium-earth orbit. It is part of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), a group of constellations and their augmentations that provide positioning services. The other constellations are Galileo (EU), GLONASS (Russia), and BeiDou (China). The United States DOD owns and operates the GPS, but it is available to the public for civilian use for free. We will look at the GPS segments below to explain how the system works. Let&#8217;s get started!<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"simpletoc-title\">Table of Contents<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"simpletoc-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#gps-segments\">GPS Segments<\/a>\n\n\n<ul><li>\n<a href=\"#space-segment\">Space Segment<\/a>\n\n\n<ul><li>\n<a href=\"#l1-vs-l2\">L1 vs. L2<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li><a href=\"#control-segment\">Control Segment<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#user-segment\">User Segment<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li><a href=\"#how-gps-works\">How GPS Works<\/a>\n\n\n<ul><li>\n<a href=\"#positional-coordinates-example\">Positional Coordinates Example<\/a>\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li><a href=\"#wrap-up\">Wrap up<\/a>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gps-segments\">GPS Segments<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>GPS comprises the following three segments.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"space-segment\">Space Segment<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>The space segment consists of all the individual satellites in the <a href=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/what-is-the-difference-between-gnss-and-gps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GPS<\/a> constellation. This number changes continuously as more satellites get launched into space to expand the system and others get decommissioned. Regardless of the number, each satellite orbits the earth following one of six orbital planes. And it orbits the planet in 12 hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_plane\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">orbital planes<\/a> have a design that ensures at least four satellites are in view anywhere on the planet at any time. A radio receiver requires at least three satellites to determine its position. So the fourth one enhances this calculation and enables elevation calculation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-24.jpg\" alt=\"A satellite in space orbiting the earth\" class=\"wp-image-1489\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-24.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-24-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/1-24-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>A satellite in space orbiting the earth<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since there are six orbital planes and four satellites that must be visible from any point, you need 24 satellites minimum for complete GPS coverage on earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each satellite sits about 20,200 km above the earth and moves at 14,500km\/h while inclined about 55\u00b0 on the equatorial plane. Also, a few reserve satellites are in orbit to replace the failing ones.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"l1-vs-l2\">L1 vs. L2<\/h4>\n\n\n<p>The satellites have precise atomic clocks onboard operating at the 10.23 MHz fundamental frequency. These clocks help generate the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GPS_signals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">broadcast signal<\/a>, of which there are two: L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz). L2 is better than L1 because it uses a faster frequency that can travel through trees, cloud cover, buildings, and other obstacles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/2-26.jpg\" alt=\"A satellite constellation in space\" class=\"wp-image-1488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/2-26.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/2-26-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/2-26-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>A satellite constellation in space<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each carrier signal has codes modulated on them. L1 has P (precision) and C\/A (coarse acquisition) codes modulated at 10.23 MHz and 1.023 MHz, respectively. The P code is for military use only, while C\/A is open for civilian use. On the other hand, L2 only has a single code modulated in it at 10.23 MHz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Satellites broadcasting faster carrier signals (L2C and L5) alongside L1 and L2 are gradually replacing the old ones to provide faster speed and accuracy. L5 will provide navigation for the aviation industry.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"control-segment\">Control Segment<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>Although GPS satellites have well-thought-out designs with impressive engineering, they are not error-free. They can fall out of orbit due to the earth and moon&#8217;s gravitational forces. Also, they undergo wear &amp; tear and can experience disturbances due to radiation, space debris, or electric anomalies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, they must receive instructions regularly to rectify these errors. Control centers collect and analyze satellite data to determine which instructions to give. And these control centers come in two types: master control and monitor stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/3-24.jpg\" alt=\"An earth satellite station\" class=\"wp-image-1487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/3-24.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/3-24-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/3-24-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>An earth satellite station<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Monitor stations are precise GPS receivers placed at five known locations. These are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Colorado Springs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hawaii<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ascension Island<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diego Garcia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kwajalein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These stations record any errors between the known and calculated positions if the satellites veer off their path. Satellite signals detected by the receivers enable the monitor stations to determine their precise location. And data defining the satellite orbits comes from a master control station at Colorado Springs. This control station uploads the data to the satellites, which gets sent to the monitor stations as part of the satellite signal. The monitor stations then adjust the satellite positions accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"323\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/4-21.jpg\" alt=\"A satellite control earth station\" class=\"wp-image-1486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/4-21.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/4-21-300x97.jpg 300w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/4-21-768x248.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>A satellite control earth station<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This system has a backup in case the monitor stations fail to align the satellites. The master station can modify the satellite orbits via radio signal commands transmitted to the skies using ground antennas based in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ascension Island<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diego Garcia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kwajalein<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cape Canaveral (backup ground antenna)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"user-segment\">User Segment<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>As the name suggests, this segment is where users run GPS applications. It includes the following.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Land, aerial, and marine navigation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Defense (missile guidance systems)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surveying (cadastral and geodetic control)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transportation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agriculture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Natural resource management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mapping<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"667\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/5-12.jpg\" alt=\"A GPS receiver\" class=\"wp-image-1485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/5-12.jpg 667w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/5-12-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>A GPS receiver<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the most widespread use of GPS is in smartphone mapping and navigation systems. There are over <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/330695\/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">6.5 billion smartphone users<\/a> globally, and each probably has a mapping application with a GPS location feature.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-gps-works\">How GPS Works<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>Signals sent by GPS satellites are known as GPS navigation messages. They have two functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Estimating the current satellite position<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calculating the signal&#8217;s transit time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So the user segment must know and translate these signals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The messages transmit at 50 bits per second, and the system uses several methods to estimate the position coordinates. But the user and GPS type determine the accuracy of the coordinates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One approach GPS receivers use to determine location coordinates is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plane_table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">plane table<\/a> surveying (a two-point problem). We need to know the distance from three locations to the position to identify a single coordinate. With this data, you can calculate this position from those three locations, a process known as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trilateration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Trilateration<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-9.jpg\" alt=\"A man driving while using his smartphone for GPS navigation\" class=\"wp-image-1484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-9.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-9-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-9-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>A man driving while using his smartphone for GPS navigation<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The navigation technique uses differences in distance measurements between at least two stations at known coordinates. And these stations must transmit signals at preset times.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So Trilateration uses three satellites or the space segment to get three accurate distance measurements from their known locations at known times. The receiver then computes its position by defining a point in 3D space.<\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"positional-coordinates-example\">Positional Coordinates Example<\/h3>\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s assume you have a handheld GPS receiver and get lost in the mountains during a hike. Satellites cruising in space above you constantly relay their location coordinates and clock timings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the signal transit time to each satellite, the receiver creates a circle around the satellites with radius R. Each radius is the computed distance to the satellite, meaning the distance from the receiver to the satellite will be at any point along the circle&#8217;s circumference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" src=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/7-6.jpg\" alt=\"A hiker with a GPS receiver in the mountains\" class=\"wp-image-1483\" srcset=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/7-6.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/7-6-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/7-6-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>A hiker with a GPS receiver in the mountains<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So by using two satellites, the receiver&#8217;s location will be at the intersection of the two circles underneath them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this positioning only works for a 2D plane to get the X and Y coordinates. In real applications, you need the Z coordinate, which requires a third satellite, hence Trilateration. The receiver&#8217;s position will be at the intersection of all three circles.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"wrap-up\">Wrap up<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, GPS segments define the three critical layers that make the system work. The control segment contains ground stations to ensure satellites travel along their planned trajectories. And the space segment has moving satellites with known locations that transmit signals at known times. So the user segment is the only variable, and it uses the space segment for position calculation. That&#8217;s it for this article. Leave a comment below if you have any questions or comments.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a global network of 31 satellites that transmit radio signals from medium-earth orbit. It is part of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), a group of constellations and their augmentations that provide positioning services. The other constellations are Galileo (EU), GLONASS (Russia), and BeiDou (China). The United States DOD &#8230; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-container\"><a title=\"GPS Segments: GPS Components That Make the System Work\" class=\"read-more button\" href=\"https:\/\/starlinkhow.com\/gps-segments\/#more-1473\" aria-label=\"Read more about GPS Segments: GPS Components That Make the System Work\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1474,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>GPS Segments: GPS Components That Make the System Work<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"We will look at the GPS segments below to explain how the system works. 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